The site where Madrid now stands was first occupied in prehistoric times. Later inhabitants were Iberian and Roman. A Moorish fort once stood where the Royal Palace stands today. The fort was conquered in 1085 by King Alfonso VI of Castle in his advance toward Toledo. The population of about 12,000 was governed by a few local families until royal governors were appointed to take over control in 1348. In 1561, Felipe II appointed Madrid as the permanent seat of the imperial court, and Madrid became the kingdom’s unofficial capital. In the following years, wars and inflation led to looting of Spain’s colonial treasures, and the country’s rulers retreated to Spain. Immigrants rushed to Madrid and the population ballooned to over 150,000 by the mid 1600’s.

The 18th century was saw important architectural progress. Bridges and buildings were built. The city gates of Puerta de Toledo, Puerta de Segovia, and Puerta de Alcalá were constructed. The Royal Palace was also constructed.

During the 19th century in Madrid, a middle class developed when church property was expropriated by the government. In 1835, the university of Alcalá de Henares was transferred to Madrid. The city continued to grow and improve throughout the century even though Spain was enduring a dark political time with coups carried out by both the conservative and liberal wings of the army.

The 20th century brought greater improvements to Madrid with the addition of electric trams and the creation of the metro. Migration into the city increased. Madrid was finally officially recognized as the capital of Spain after Alfonso XIII fled the country. The celebration was short-lived, however, and in 1936, Spain began a three-year civil war. Franco was victorious and settled in Madrid, where poverty and overcrowding increased. With the death of Franco, King Juan Carlos claimed the throne and turned Spain from a dictatorship to a democracy. A new constitution was written and a moderate conservative government took control.

In more recent years, Madrid has developed a rich artistic culture and animated spirit. The old center has been restored and public transport and housing improved. Today, Madrid is one of Europe’s most beautiful and exciting cities with something to offer every visitor.